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HIV in pregnancy is the presence of an HIV/AIDS infection in a woman while she is pregnant. There is a risk of HIV transmission from mother to child in three primary situations: pregnancy, childbirth, and while breastfeeding. This topic is important because the risk of viral transmission can be significantly reduced with appropriate medical intervention, and without treatment HIV/AIDS can ...
In vitro fertilisation ( IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from their ovaries and letting a man's sperm fertilise them in a culture medium in a laboratory. After the fertilised egg ( zygote) undergoes embryo culture for 2 ...
A lithopedion ( also spelled lithopaedion or lithopædion; from Ancient Greek: λίθος " stone " and Ancient Greek: παιδίον "small child, infant"), or stone baby, is a rare phenomenon which occurs most commonly when a fetus dies during an abdominal pregnancy, [1] is too large to be reabsorbed by the body, and calcifies on the outside as part of a foreign body reaction, shielding the ...
Miscarriage, also known in medical terms as a spontaneous abortion, is the death and expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can survive independently. [1] [4] The term miscarriage is sometimes used to refer to all forms of pregnancy loss and pregnancy with abortive outcomes before 20 weeks of gestation.
Stillbirth is typically defined as fetal death at or after 20 or 28 weeks of pregnancy, depending on the source. [1] [2] : Overview tab, [8] It results in a baby born without signs of life. [9] A stillbirth can often result in the feeling of guilt or grief in the mother. [10] The term is in contrast to miscarriage, which is an early pregnancy ...
Fetal surgery also known as antenatal surgery, prenatal surgery, [1] is a growing branch of maternal-fetal medicine that covers any of a broad range of surgical techniques that are used to treat congenital abnormalities in fetuses who are still in the pregnant uterus. There are three main types: [2] open fetal surgery, which involves completely opening the uterus to operate on the fetus ...
Preterm birth. Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age, as opposed to full-term delivery at approximately 40 weeks. [1] Extreme preterm [2] is less than 28 weeks, very early preterm birth is between 28 and 32 weeks, early preterm birth occurs between 32 and 34 weeks, late ...
Drugs in pregnancy. Women should speak to their doctor or healthcare professional before starting or stopping any medications while pregnant. [1] Non-essential drugs and medications should be avoided while pregnant. Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use while pregnant may be dangerous for the unborn baby and may lead to severe ...