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Procalcitonin ( PCT) is a peptide precursor of the hormone calcitonin, the latter being involved with calcium homeostasis. It arises once preprocalcitonin is cleaved by endopeptidase. [ 1] It was first identified by Leonard J. Deftos and Bernard A. Roos in the 1970s. [ 2] It is composed of 116 amino acids and is produced by parafollicular cells ...
Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. [5] The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), while levels less than 2.1 mmol/L are defined as hypocalcemic.
Oncology, hematology. Tumor lysis syndrome ( TLS) is a group of metabolic abnormalities that can occur as a complication from the treatment of cancer, [ 1] where large amounts of tumor cells are killed off ( lysed) from the treatment, releasing their contents into the bloodstream. This occurs most commonly after the treatment of lymphomas and ...
Renal cell carcinoma ( RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 90–95% of cases. [ 1] It is more common in men (with a male-to-female ...
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is characterized by an uncontrolled clonal proliferation of terminally differentiated B lymphocytes. The most commonly associated mutations, based on whole-genome sequencing of 30 patients, are a somatic mutation in MYD88 (90% of patients) and a somatic mutation in CXCR4 (27% of patients). [ 11]
The amount of biologically active calcium varies with the level of serum albumin, a protein to which calcium is bound, and therefore levels of ionized calcium are better measures than a total calcium; however, one can correct a total calcium if the albumin level is known. A normal ionized calcium is 1.12-1.45 mmol/L (4.54-5.61 mg/dL).
Once calcium is confirmed to be elevated, a detailed history taken from the subject, including review of medications, any vitamin supplementations, herbal preparations, and previous calcium values. Chronic elevation of calcium with absent or mild symptoms often points to primary hyperparathyroidism or Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. For ...
Calciphylaxis is a rare but serious disease, believed to affect 1-4% of all dialysis patients. [ 2] It results in chronic non-healing wounds and indicates poor prognosis, with typical life expectancy of less than one year. [ 1] Calciphylaxis is one type of extraskeletal calcification. Similar extraskeletal calcifications are observed in some ...