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  2. Calculator spelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator_spelling

    Calculator spelling. Calculator spelling is an unintended characteristic of the seven-segment display traditionally used by calculators, in which, when read upside-down, the digits resemble letters of the Latin alphabet. Each digit may be mapped to one or more letters, creating a limited but functional subset of the alphabet, sometimes referred ...

  3. tf–idf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf–idf

    tf–idf. In information retrieval, tf–idf (also TF*IDF, TFIDF, TF–IDF, or Tf–idf ), short for term frequency–inverse document frequency, is a measure of importance of a word to a document in a collection or corpus, adjusted for the fact that some words appear more frequently in general. [1] Like the bag-of-words model, it models a ...

  4. Flesch–Kincaid readability tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch–Kincaid...

    Flesch–Kincaid grade level. [] These readability tests are used extensively in the field of education. The "Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level Formula" presents a score as a U.S. grade level, making it easier for teachers, parents, librarians, and others to judge the readability level of various books and texts. It can also mean the number of years ...

  5. Coleman–Liau index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman–Liau_index

    The Coleman–Liau index is calculated with the following formula: = L is the average number of letters per 100 words and S is the average number of sentences per 100 words. The multiplication operator is often omitted in mathematical formulas when it is clear that multiplication is implied, but it is good practice to include it to avoid ...

  6. Levenshtein distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance

    The Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions or substitutions) required to change one word into the other. It is named after Soviet mathematician Vladimir Levenshtein, who defined the metric in 1965. [1] Levenshtein distance may also be referred to as edit distance, although ...

  7. Keyword density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_density

    When calculating the density of a keyword phrase, the formula would be (/), where Nwp is the number of words in the phrase. So, for example, for a four-hundred word page about search engine optimization where "search engine optimization" is used four times, the keyword phrase density is (4*3/400)*100 or 3 percent.

  8. Word error rate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_error_rate

    The general difficulty of measuring performance lies in the fact that the recognized word sequence can have a different length from the reference word sequence (supposedly the correct one). The WER is derived from the Levenshtein distance , working at the word level instead of the phoneme level.

  9. Glossary of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical...

    Glossary of mathematical symbols. A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various ...