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Cosmic rays ionize nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the atmosphere, which leads to a number of chemical reactions. Cosmic rays are also responsible for the continuous production of a number of unstable isotopes, such as carbon-14, in the Earth's atmosphere through the reaction: n + 14 N → p + 14 C.
This is a list of sources of light, the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.Light sources produce photons from another energy source, such as heat, chemical reactions, or conversion of mass or a different frequency of electromagnetic energy, and include light bulbs and stars like the Sun. Reflectors (such as the moon, cat's eyes, and mirrors) do not actually produce the light that ...
The study of light, known as optics, is an important research area in modern physics. The main source of natural light on Earth is the Sun. Historically, another important source of light for humans has been fire, from ancient campfires to modern kerosene lamps.
The only remaining way to reach Aman was the so called Old Straight Road, a hidden route leaving Middle-earth's curvature through sky and space which was exclusively known and open to the Elves, who were able to navigate it with their ships. [3] This transition from a flat to a spherical Earth is at the centre of Tolkien's "Atlantis" legend ...
The Lord of the Rings, book 5, ch. 6 " The Battle of the Pelennor Fields " Against the deserved obliteration of the adversaries, The Lord of the Rings sets the heroic deaths of two leading figures of the free peoples, King Théoden of Rohan and Boromir of Gondor. Like King Theodoric I of the Visigoths, Théoden dies leading his men into battle. He rallies his men shortly before he falls and is ...
Sketch map of part of Middle-earth in the Third Age. Rohan is top centre, below the southern end of the Misty Mountains and Fangorn forest, and west of the River Anduin. In Tolkien's Middle-earth, Rohan is an inland realm. Its countryside is described as a land of pastures and lush tall grassland which is frequently windswept.
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium. [ 1][ 2] This includes: electromagnetic radiation consists of photons, such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma radiation (γ) particle radiation consists of ...
The distance travelled by light from the planet (or its moon) to Earth is shorter when the Earth is at the point in its orbit that is closest to its planet than when the Earth is at the farthest point in its orbit, the difference in distance being the diameter of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. The observed change in the moon's orbital period ...