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Pseudohyponatremia is a false low sodium reading that can be caused by high levels of fats or proteins in the blood. [ 9 ] [ 3 ] Dilutional hyponatremia can happen in diabetics as high glucose levels pull water into the blood stream causing the sodium concentration to be lower.
Osteitis fibrosa cystica (/ ˌ ɒ s t i ˈ aɪ t ɪ s f aɪ ˈ b r oʊ s ə ˈ s ɪ s t ɪ k ə / OSS-tee-EYE-tis fy-BROH-sə SIS-tik-ə) is a skeletal disorder resulting in a loss of bone mass, a weakening of the bones as their calcified supporting structures are replaced with fibrous tissue (peritrabecular fibrosis), and the formation of cyst-like brown tumors in and around the bone.
In contrast, ionized calcium is a measure of free calcium. An abnormally high level of calcium in plasma is termed hypercalcemia and an abnormally low level is termed hypocalcemia, with "abnormal" generally referring to levels outside the reference range.
A calcium channel is an ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions. It is sometimes synonymous with voltage-gated calcium channel , [ 1 ] which are a type of calcium channel regulated by changes in membrane potential .
While mild hypocalcemia is common after partial parathyroidectomy, some people experience persistently prolonged low calcium levels. This is called hungry bone syndrome. Despite the reactivation of unresected parathyroid glands producing normal to elevated levels of PTH, serum calcium continues to be low.
The calcium-sensing receptors on the surface of the chief cell of the parathyroid gland is the principal negative regulator of parathyroid hormone secretion. [15] Cinacalcet increases the sensitivity of calcium receptors on parathyroid cells to reduce parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and thus decrease serum calcium levels.
High binder efficiency regardless of pH: Requires frequent monitoring-extra cost Cheap: Moderate tablet burden: Calcium carbonate: Calcichew: Aluminum free: Calcium containing-potential risk of hypercalcemia and ectopic calcification Titralac: Moderate binding efficacy: Parathyroid hormone oversuppression Relatively low cost: Gastrointestinal ...
Laboratory findings include low-normal serum calcium, moderately low serum phosphate, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, and low serum 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D levels, hyperphosphaturia, and no evidence of hyperparathyroidism. [8] Hypophosphatemia decreases 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) causing a left shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve.
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