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  2. Hydrometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer

    The state of charge of a lead-acid battery can be estimated from the density of the sulfuric acid solution used as electrolyte. A hydrometer calibrated to read specific gravity relative to water at 60 °F (16 °C) is a standard tool for servicing automobile batteries. Tables are used to correct the reading to the standard temperature.

  3. Lead-acid battery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_battery

    A hydrometer can be used to test the specific gravity of each cell as a measure of its state of charge. Because the electrolyte takes part in the charge-discharge reaction, this battery has one major advantage over other chemistries: it is relatively simple to determine the state of charge by merely measuring the specific gravity of the ...

  4. State of charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_charge

    Hydrometers are used to calculate the specific gravity of a battery. To find specific gravity, it is necessary to measure out volume of the electrolyte and to weigh it. Then specific gravity is given by (mass of electrolyte [g]/ volume of electrolyte [ml])/ (Density of Water, i.e. 1g/1ml). To find SoC from specific gravity, a look-up table of ...

  5. Relative density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_density

    Relative density, also called specific gravity, is a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Specific gravity for liquids is nearly always measured with respect to water at its densest (at 4 °C or 39.2 °F); for gases, the reference is air ...

  6. Density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density

    Density ( volumetric mass density or specific mass) is a substance's mass per unit of volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho ), although the Latin letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: [1] where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume.

  7. Alkaline battery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_battery

    An alkaline battery (IEC code: L) is a type of primary battery where the electrolyte (most commonly potassium hydroxide) has a pH value above 7. Typically these batteries derive energy from the reaction between zinc metal and manganese dioxide . Compared with zinc–carbon batteries of the Leclanché cell or zinc chloride types, alkaline ...

  8. Nickel–iron battery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel–iron_battery

    The electrolyte mixture of potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide is not consumed in charging or discharging, so unlike a lead-acid battery the electrolyte specific gravity does not indicate state of charge. [7] The voltage required to charge the NiFe battery is equal to or greater than 1.6 volts per cell. [18]

  9. List of battery sizes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battery_sizes

    3LR12 (4.5-volt), D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA (1.5-volt), A23 (12-volt), PP3 (9-volt), CR2032 (3-volt), and LR44 (1.5-volt) batteries. This is a list of the sizes, shapes, and general characteristics of some common primary and secondary battery types in household, automotive and light industrial use. The complete nomenclature for a battery specifies ...

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