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However, generally they are considerably slower (typically by a factor 2–10) than fast, non-cryptographic random number generators. These include: Stream ciphers. Popular choices are Salsa20 or ChaCha (often with the number of rounds reduced to 8 for speed), ISAAC, HC-128 and RC4. Block ciphers in counter mode.
A USB-pluggable hardware true random number generator. In computing, a hardware random number generator (HRNG), true random number generator (TRNG), non-deterministic random bit generator (NRBG), or physical random number generator is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process capable of producing entropy (in other words, the device always has access to a physical entropy ...
The binary-reflected Gray code list for n bits can be generated recursively from the list for n − 1 bits by reflecting the list (i.e. listing the entries in reverse order), prefixing the entries in the original list with a binary 0, prefixing the entries in the reflected list with a binary 1, and then concatenating the original list with the ...
Universally unique identifier. A Universally Unique Identifier ( UUID) is a 128-bit label used for information in computer systems. The term Globally Unique Identifier ( GUID) is also used, mostly in Microsoft systems. [1] [2] When generated according to the standard methods, UUIDs are, for practical purposes, unique.
Mersenne Twister. The Mersenne Twister is a general-purpose pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) developed in 1997 by Makoto Matsumoto (松本 眞) and Takuji Nishimura (西村 拓士). [1] [2] Its name derives from the choice of a Mersenne prime as its period length.
To effectively convert a Lehmer code d n, d n−1, ..., d 2, d 1 into a permutation of an ordered set S, one can start with a list of the elements of S in increasing order, and for i increasing from 1 to n set σ i to the element in the list that is preceded by d n+1−i other ones, and remove that element from the list.
For example, squaring the number "1111" yields "1234321", which can be written as "01234321", an 8-digit number being the square of a 4-digit number. This gives "2343" as the "random" number. Repeating this procedure gives "4896" as the next result, and so on. Von Neumann used 10 digit numbers, but the process was the same.
In mathematics, and in particular in combinatorics, the combinatorial number system of degree k (for some positive integer k ), also referred to as combinadics, or the Macaulay representation of an integer, is a correspondence between natural numbers (taken to include 0) N and k - combinations. The combinations are represented as strictly ...