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Directivity. In electromagnetics, directivity is a parameter of an antenna or optical system which measures the degree to which the radiation emitted is concentrated in a single direction. It is the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. [ 1] Therefore, the ...
Friis' Free-space Radio Circuit. This leads to his published form of his transmission formula: where: P t {\displaystyle P_ {t}} is the power fed into the transmitting antenna input terminals; [ 2] P r {\displaystyle P_ {r}} is the power available at receiving antenna output terminals; [ 2] A r {\displaystyle A_ {r}}
Operating margin. In business, operating margin —also known as operating income margin, operating profit margin, EBIT margin and return on sales ( ROS )—is the ratio of operating income ("operating profit" in the UK) to net sales, usually expressed in percent. Net profit measures the profitability of ventures after accounting for all costs.
Omnidirectional antenna. In radio communication, an omnidirectional antenna is a class of antenna which radiates equal radio power in all directions perpendicular to an axis ( azimuthal directions), with power varying with angle to the axis ( elevation angle ), declining to zero on the axis. [ 1][ 2] When graphed in three dimensions (see graph ...
Link budget. A link budget is an accounting of all of the power gains and losses that a communication signal experiences in a telecommunication system; from a transmitter, through a communication medium such as radio waves, cable, waveguide, or optical fiber, to the receiver. It is an equation giving the received power from the transmitter ...
Phase margin. In electronic amplifiers, the phase margin (PM) is the difference between the phase lag φ (< 0) and -180°, for an amplifier's output signal (relative to its input) at zero dB gain - i.e. unity gain, or that the output signal has the same amplitude as the input. For example, if the amplifier's open-loop gain crosses 0 dB at a ...
Definition. There are two definitions for the factor of safety (FoS): The ratio of a structure's absolute strength (structural capability) to actual applied load; this is a measure of the reliability of a particular design. This is a calculated value, and is sometimes referred to, for the sake of clarity, as a realized factor of safety.
Link margin. In a wireless communication system, the link margin (LKM) is a critical parameter that measures the reliability and robustness of the communication link. It is expressed in decibels (dB) and represents the difference between the minimum expected power received at the receiver's end and the receiver's sensitivity.