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Metoprolol is a beta blocker, or an antagonist of the β-adrenergic receptors. It is specifically a selective antagonist of the β 1 -adrenergic receptor and has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. [ 37] Metoprolol exerts its effects by blocking the action of certain neurotransmitters, specifically adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Antiarrhythmic agents, also known as cardiac dysrhythmia medications, are a class of drugs that are used to suppress abnormally fast rhythms ( tachycardias ), such as atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia . Many attempts have been made to classify antiarrhythmic agents.
Sodium channel blockers are used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia. They are classified as "Type I" in the Vaughan Williams classification . Class I antiarrhythmic agents interfere with the (Na +) channel . Class I agents are grouped by their effect on the Na + channel, and by their effect on cardiac action potentials .
Beta blocker. Skeletal formula of propranolol, the first clinically successful beta blocker. Beta blockers, also spelled β-blockers, are a class of medications that are predominantly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms ( arrhythmia ), and to protect the heart from a second heart attack after a first heart attack ( secondary prevention ). [ 1]
Atrial fibrillation ( AF, AFib or A-fib) is an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atrial chambers of the heart. [ 11][ 12] It often begins as short periods of abnormal beating, which become longer or continuous over time. [ 4] It may also start as other forms of arrhythmia such as atrial ...
Furthermore, AF with a persistent rapid rate can cause a form of heart failure called tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. This can significantly increase mortality and morbidity, which can be prevented by early and adequate treatment of the AF. There are two ways to approach these symptoms using drugs: rate control and rhythm control.
Figure 1: The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline or dichloroisoproterenol (), abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed. β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. [1]
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor. The beta-1 adrenergic receptor (β 1 adrenoceptor), also known as ADRB1, can refer to either the protein-encoding gene (gene ADRB1) or one of the four adrenergic receptors. [ 5] It is a G-protein coupled receptor associated with the Gs heterotrimeric G-protein that is expressed predominantly in cardiac tissue.
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