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Visual phototransduction. Visual phototransduction is the sensory transduction process of the visual system by which light is detected by photoreceptor cells ( rods and cones) in the vertebrate retina. A photon is absorbed by a retinal chromophore (each bound to an opsin ), which initiates a signal cascade through several intermediate cells ...
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuroepithelial cell found in the retina that is capable of visual phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in ...
Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment through photopic vision (daytime vision), color vision, scotopic vision (night vision), and mesopic vision (twilight vision), using light in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment. This is different from visual acuity, which refers to how clearly a ...
The visual system is associated with the eye and functionally divided into the optical system (including cornea and lens) and the neural system (including the retina and visual cortex ). The visual system performs a number of complex tasks based on the image forming functionality of the eye, including the formation of monocular images, the ...
Color vision. Color vision, a feature of visual perception, is an ability to perceive differences between light composed of different frequencies independently of light intensity. Color perception is a part of the larger visual system and is mediated by a complex process between neurons that begins with differential stimulation of different ...
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ( ipRGCs ), also called photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ( pRGC ), or melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells ( mRGCs ), are a type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye. The presence of an additional photoreceptor was first suspected in 1927 when mice lacking rods and cones ...
Rod cells are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in lower light better than the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells. Rods are usually found concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. On average, there are approximately 92 million rod cells (vs ~6 million cones) in the ...
Visual cycle. The visual cycle is a process in the retina that replenishes the molecule retinal for its use in vision. Retinal is the chromophore of most visual opsins, meaning it captures the photons to begin the phototransduction cascade. When the photon is absorbed, the 11-cis retinal photoisomerizes into all-trans retinal as it is ejected ...