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[74] [75] American physical chemists Gilbert N. Lewis and Richard C. Tolman used two variations of the formula in 1909: m = E / c 2 and m 0 = E 0 / c 2 , with E being the relativistic energy (the energy of an object when the object is moving), E 0 is the rest energy (the energy when not moving), m is the relativistic mass (the ...
Energy–momentum relation. In physics, the energy–momentum relation, or relativistic dispersion relation, is the relativistic equation relating total energy (which is also called relativistic energy) to invariant mass (which is also called rest mass) and momentum. It is the extension of mass–energy equivalence for bodies or systems with ...
v. t. e. In the general theory of relativity, the Einstein field equations ( EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) relate the geometry of spacetime to the distribution of matter within it. [ 1] The equations were published by Albert Einstein in 1915 in the form of a tensor equation [ 2] which related the local spacetime curvature (expressed ...
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
These include the equivalence of mass and energy (E = mc 2), length contraction (moving objects shorten), [Note 9] and time dilation (moving clocks run more slowly). The factor γ by which lengths contract and times dilate is known as the Lorentz factor and is given by γ = (1 − v 2 /c 2) −1/2, where v is the speed of the object.
Lorentz factor. where and v is the relative velocity between two inertial frames . For two frames at rest, γ = 1, and increases with relative velocity between the two inertial frames. As the relative velocity approaches the speed of light, γ → ∞. Time dilation (different times t and t' at the same position x in same inertial frame)
The equation sets forth that the energy of a body at rest (E) equals its mass (m) times the speed of light (c) squared, or E = mc 2. If a body gives off the energy L in the form of radiation, its mass diminishes by L/c 2. The fact that the energy withdrawn from the body becomes energy of radiation evidently makes no difference, so that we are ...
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